成人高考学好英语语法小秘籍（三）

　　8§5 问句的被动语气

　　将问句改成被动语气，步骤类似上一节的步骤，我们先将问句变成肯定句子，然后将这个定句子变成被动语气，最后在将这个被动语气的句子变回，成为问句。

　　例如：

　　Do young kids enjoy classical music？

　　先改成肯定句子

　　Young kids enjoy classical music.

　　再改成被动语气

　　Music is enjoyed by young kids.

　　最后改成问句

　　Is music enjoyed by young kids？

　　为了使读者熟悉这些步骤，我们在下面举了很多的例子：

　　1. Did you eat that cake？

　　（a）。 You ate that cake.

　　（b）。 That cake was eaten by you.

　　（c）。 Was that cake eaten by you？

　　2. Do farmers in Taiwan grow apples？

　　Farmers in Taiwan grow apples.

　　Apples are grown by farmers in Taiwan.

　　Are apples grown by farmers in Taiwan？

　　3. Have you finished the report？

　　You have finished the report.

　　The report has been finished by you.

　　Has the report been finished by you？

　　4. When did you write that letter？

　　You wrote that letter.

　　That letter was written by you.

　　When was the letter written by you？

　　5. Have you seen that movie？

　　You have seen that movie.

　　That movie has been seen by you.

　　Has the movie been seen by you？

　　6. When did Stevenson write that novel？

　　Stevenson wrote that novel.

　　That novel was written by Stevenson.

　　When was that novel written by Stevenson？

　　8. Is he painting his room？

　　He is painting his room.

　　His room is being painted by him.

　　Is his room being painted by him？

　　在下面，我们将省略中间步骤，直接写出一个问句的被动语气，英文好的人应该是不需要中间步骤的：

　　主动语气 被动语气

　　Does he help his students？ Are his students helped by him？

　　Did he tell that story？ Was that story told by him？

　　Has she written that story？ Has that story been written by her？

　　Whom is Peter going to visit？ Who is going to be visited by Peter？

　　When did you read that book？ When was that book written by you？

　　Does he enjoy that song？ Is that song enjoyed him？

　　Why do his friends avoid him？ Why is he avoided by his friends？

　　Whom did you see？ Who was seen by you？

　　Has he read that report？ Has that report been read by him？

　　Is he writing that letter？ Is that letter being written by him？

　　[练习三十四]

　　将以下句子改成被动语气：

　　Is he writing a book？

　　Did he write that book？

　　Did you sign that letter？

　　Where did you see that movie？

　　When did you see that movie？

　　Has he finished that job？

　　Did mother give you the gift？

　　Did your mother visit you last night？

　　Do they grow roses？

　　Do they speak English？

　　Did you play that game of tennis？

　　Will you teach English？

　　[练习三十五]

　　将以下句子改成主动语气：

　　Was the cake eaten by you？

　　Is he liked by all of us？

　　Is that kind of music loved by every one in Japan？

　　Is fish eaten by old people？

　　Are roses loved by most women？

　　Was he called by you？

　　Is soccer played by John？

　　When was this music written by Mozart？

　　When was he seen by you？

　　Were they seen by you last night？

　　[练习三十六]

　　将适宜的动词填入

　　I （send） two letters yesterday. （do） you （receive） them？ Every letter （write） by me. Please （write） back to me soon.

　　I （invite） to a dancing party last week. The music （be） so noisy. I （leave） the party as early as I （can）。

　　Did you （write） that report？ Yes， it （write） by me.

　　He （not like） music when he was a child. After he （get） into college， he （teach） by a good music professor. Now， he （enjoy） music very much and （listen） to classical music every morning.

　　I （buy） a red car yesterday. It （make） in Japan. It will __________ （deliver） to me tomorrow.

　　I （not go） to school yesterday because my bicycle （steal）。

　　I （buy） a new bike yesterday.

　　Where （do） you go last night？ I （can） not （find） you. You （see） by no one.

　　A： （do） he （smoke）？

　　B： No， he （do not）。 Smoking has never （try） by him.

　　Was the book （write） by him？

　　I （buy） three books lately. One （write） by Graham Greene.

　　I （finish） reading it. There （be） many interesting stories in it.

　　[练习三十七]

　　改错：

　　＊This is a book which wrote by Dickens.

　　＊Are the music enjoyed by those elderly people？

　　＊When are you visited by your father yesterday？

　　＊This book written by John.

　　＊He is invited to come to my home by my father yesterday.

　　＊This house is built in 1913.

　　＊This letter was wrote by him.

　　＊This letter has never finished.

　　＊Was you given a book？

　　＊I have never called by my father. I always call him first.

　　第九章 动词如何转换成名词

　　动名词（Gerund）和不定词（Infinitive）

　　9§1 问题的来源

　　对我们说中文的人而言，一个字究竟是动词，还是名词，其实是很少人知道的，对一般人而言，唱歌是动词，但是如果我们说，唱歌是有益的，我们又发现唱歌其实也是名词。我爱唱歌，这句话中，唱歌也是名词。

　　英文就不同了，英文里很少有一个字，又是动词，又是名词的，sing是动词，绝不能当很名词用。怪不得有很多中国人会说

　　＊Sing is good for you. 或者是 ＊I like sing.

　　既然sing是动词，也没有一个sing的名词，怎么办呢？英文解套的办法很有趣，他们用动名词（gerund）和不定词（infinitive）来将一个动词改成一个名词。

　　9§2 动名词（Gerund）

　　所谓动名词，乃是将一个动词，字尾加上ing，一夜之间，这个动词就可以当作名词用了。请看以下的例子：

　　I like singing.

　　Playing basketball is good for you.

　　Do you enjoy listening to classical music？

　　Is traveling around the world meaningful to you？

　　Studying English is not difficult.

　　我们不妨将动名词的用法分一下类：

　　1.动名词可用作主词，如

　　Playing tennis is enjoyed by many people.

　　Taking drugs is avoided by most people.

　　Being kind to others is important for every one.

　　Respecting your parents shows good character.

　　2.动名词可以用作动词的受词，如

　　I enjoy studying English.

　　He does not mind walking long distances.

　　I have never enjoyed being alone in my life.

　　He loves swimming.

　　3.动名词可以用作介系词（preposition）的受词，英文里有很多介系词，at， in， about， of， on等等都是介系词，介系词后面必定跟一个名词，也是它的受词，举例来说

　　on the table

　　in my home

　　about Hitler

　　of my life

　　on this island

　　各位一定注意到，每一个介系词后面都有一个名词，作为它的受词。

　　动名词是可以作为介系词的受词的，如：

　　This book is about traveling.

　　He is responsible for cleaning the kitchen.

　　My brother is capable of writing programs.

　　You just keep on going straight.

　　在下面，我们要给各位更多有关gerund的例子，各位不妨看看每一个句子中，那个动名词是作什么用的。

　　Instead of swimming， he walks every morning.

　　He likes walking in the woods.

　　Are you interested in playing tennis？

　　Loving is to be kind to others.

　　Reading is important to students.

　　In addition to traveling， he also likes reading novels.

　　You will be happy by helping others.

　　He is worried about being late.

　　I finished writing the report yesterday.

　　They thanked me for lending them money.

　　He has never finished writing the novel.

　　She is in change of teaching English in our school.

　　My father objected to my going to the summer camp.

　　Please stop joking about my brother.

　　I look forward to seeing you.

　　He has never enjoyed traveling.

　　She was excited about going abroad.

　　I consider gambling a bad thing to do.

　　I have never dreamed of flying an airplane.

　　He suggested talking to our teacher.

　　I believe in doing some kind of exercise every day.

　　Playing the piano is no fun at all.

　　Nancy is accustomed to sleeping late.

　　Are you tired of driving for so long？

　　You should forgive others for doing wrong things.

　　He insists on getting up early every morning.

　　Thank you for participating in my concert.

　　He is used to studying alone.

　　They are not used to speaking English.

　　He is accustomed to being polite to others.

　　I object to seeing dirty movies.

　　You should take advantage of studying in such a good place

　　[练习三十八]

　　改正以下的错误

　　1.＊Play tennis is fun.

　　2.＊I hate swim.

　　3.＊Stop talk about me.

　　4.＊In addition to read interesting books， you should also watch TV from time to time.

　　5.＊I am not interested in swim.

　　6.＊He talks about go to America.

　　7.＊I believe in do exercise every day.

　　8.＊The cost of transfer a student to another school is very high.

　　9.＊Please forgive me for make this mistake.

　　10.＊Swim keeps me from getting cold.

　　[练习三十九]

　　填充，每一个句子填入一个介系词和一个动名词，先举一个例子。

　　1. I am interested （listen） to music.

　　2. Please forgive me （be） so late.

　　3. In addition （study） ， you should also have some exercises every day.

　　4. We talked （build） a house next year.

　　5. Thank you （help） me.

　　6. He is excited （travel） to Japan.

　　7. I am looking forward （meet） you.

　　8. He insists （talk） to me personally.

　　9. I believe （exercise） every day.

　　10. Did you participate that （swim） match.

　　11. He was not used （listen） to classic music.

　　12. My mother objected （visit） my aunt tomorrow.

　　13. I am not accustomed （go） to bed so late.

　　14. I am interested （swim） .

　　15. Are you responsible （write） this report？

　　16. He is excited （see） me tomorrow.

　　17. He is looking forward （see） that movie.

　　18. I am not used （hear） that kind of noise.

　　19. You should take advantage （have） such a good family.

　　20.He is in charge （send） students to other schools.

　　[练习四十]

　　将以下中文句子译成英文句子：

　　1.我不喜欢跳舞。

　　2.你对游泳有兴趣吗？

　　3.打蓝球是有趣的。

　　4.我们昨天谈到（talk about）教英文的事。

　　5.我不习惯（be not used to）抽烟。

　　6.我反对（object to）在公开场合哭泣（cry in public）。

　　7.除了游泳以外，他还应该打棒球（用in addition to）。

　　8.他可以（be capable of）每天跑一公里。

　　9.他负责（be in charge of）找寻一个好的地方。

　　10.我已习惯了（be accustomed to）早起。

　　9§3 不定词（Infinitives）

　　不定词＝to＋动词的原式。例如to go， to love， to eat等等，都是不定词，不定词和动名词的用法相似，以下全是用不定词用作名词的例子：

　　To love is to forgive.

　　To forgive your enemies will make you happy.

　　I like to eat chicken.

　　I asked my brother to come here.

　　He continued to read.

　　也许读者发现了不定词和动名词不同的地方：不定词不能用在介系词的后面，以下的句子都是错的：

　　＊I am interested in to play piano.

　　＊He is worried about to go abroad.

　　＊I am in charge of to prepare for the party.

　　如何将不定词用成名词呢？

　　1.不定词可以用作主词：如

　　To play tennis is great fun.

　　To play safe in the stock market is necessary.

　　To be kind to others is important for every one.

　　To respect your parents shows good character.

　　2.不家词可以用成很多动词的受词：

　　I like to swim.

　　He loves to listen to jokes.

　　My brother seems to be different.

　　I agree to lend him money.

　　Do you like to sing？

　　3.不定词可以跟在代名词的后面，形式如下：

　　动词（verb）＋代名词（pronoun）＋不定词（infinitive）

　　例如：

　　I told him to work hard.

　　I asked my brother to come back home.

　　He expects his friends to help him.

　　My teacher told me to wait for him.

　　I invited my sister to go to see a movie.

　　4.不定词常用在上述句子的被动语气中，例如：

　　He was told to work hard.

　　My brother was asked to come back home.

　　His friend is expected to help me.

　　I was told by my teacher to wait.

　　My sister was invited to go to see a movie.

　　以下是更多的不定词例子：

　　To give is more meaningful than to receive.

　　I love to swim in cold weather.

　　He agreed to listen to my story.

　　He decided to go anyway.

　　I told him to buy my book.

　　I invited him to come to my house.

　　I asked him to cook for me tonight.

　　Students are asked to work hard.

　　He needs to work hard.

　　I want you to send this letter to my father.

　　He requires every student to read one novel every week.

　　Every student is required to read one novel every week.

　　读者一定会问，是不是动名词可以和不定词互调，答案是否定的，有些动词后面可以跟动名词和不定词，但也有些动词，后面只能跟动名词，有些动词后面只能跟不定词。

　　有些动词后面可以跟动名词或不定词：love， like， hate， start， begin，以下的动词，后面只能跟动名词：

　　Enjoy I enjoy eating good food.

　　Appreciate I appreciate your being kind to others.

　　Avoid You should avoid making mistakes.

　　keep on Keep on working hard.

　　keep Keep singing.

　　consider He considered leaving home.

　　finish He finished writing this book.

　　suggest May I suggest drinking a cup of coffee？

　　discuss We discussed traveling to New Zealand.

　　以下的动词正好相反，只能跟不定词

　　agree I agree to sign this letter.

　　plan He plans to go away.

　　want They want to rent a car.

　　decide He decided to work hard.

　　seem He seems to be very happy.

　　appear He appears to be very sad.

　　一个字非常特殊，必须讨论一下，那就是stop：

　　stop smoking 指不再抽烟了

　　stop to smoke 指停下来，开始抽烟

　　9§4 动名词和不定词的被动和否定形式

　　将动词改成名词的时候，也可以有被动语气和否定语气，以下是一些例子：

　　Everyone likes to be loved.

　　This cup needs to be washed.

　　Being trusted is important.

　　I told him not to leave this house.

　　He asked me not to cry.

　　I was told not to fall asleep in class.

　　To be given a good gift on Christmas Eve makes me happy.

　　Being invited to that party is a great honor to me.

　　[练习四十一]

　　将下面的空格填入动名词或不定词

　　1. I enjoy （listen） to rock and roll music.

　　2. I asked him （go） away.

　　3. He was asked （leave）。

　　4. I suggest （have） some fun.

　　5. He seems （be） a kind person.

　　6. You appear （be） quite tired.

　　7. I told him （have） a cup of wine.

　　8. I invited him （come） over.

　　9. Every one of you is required （work） hard.

　　10. Do you like （swim）？

　　11. I ordered him （read） my book.

　　12. I was expected （write） a letter to you.

　　13. He asked me （read） this letter to him.

　　14. Please keep （talk） to me.

　　15. Stop （drive） so fast. It is dangerous to drive too fast.

　　16. I hate （smoke）。

　　17. （pass） the test is important.

　　18. （work） hard is the key to success.

　　19. My wife asked me to （bring） some flowers home.

　　20. He avoided （tell） lies.

　　[练习四十二]

　　将以下中文句子译成英文句子，用gerund或infinitive.

　　1.我请（invite）他到我家来。

　　2.我教（teach）他游泳。

　　3.被人爱令人快乐。

　　4.我讨厌（hate）抽烟。

　　5.我们应该避免（avoid）饮烟。

　　6.不要再（stop）抽烟了。

　　7.每个人都期待（expect）他写一本好书。

　　8.我要求（require）他每天念英文。

　　9§5 不定词的简式

　　不定词中一定要有to，但在有几个动词的后面，to又要省掉，最著名的是let，我们绝不可以说

　　＊I let him to leave.

　　而一定要说

　　I let him leave.

　　我们也不能说

　　＊I made him to work hard.（我使他努力工作）

　　而一定要说

　　I made him work hard.

　　以下的动词后面，不定词的后面都要省掉to.

　　动词 例句

　　let My mother let me watch TV tonight.

　　make He makes his students respect teachers.

　　have He had his sons clean their rooms.

　　see I saw him run away.

　　hear I heard the birds sing.

　　watch I watched the kids play.

　　notice I noticed her cry.

　　因为在这些动词的后面，本来应该用不定词，仅仅是to被省掉了，因此我们在这些动词的后面仍然要用原式，以下的句子都是错的：

　　＊He made his son ran away from home.

　　＊I saw him walked away……

　　＊I have never heard him sang any song.

　　Help这一个动词非常特别，它后面的不定词中的to可省略也可不省，以下的句子都是对的：

　　I helped him wash his car.

　　I helped him to wash his car.

　　[练习四十三]

　　以下的句子都有错，请改正：

　　1.＊He lets his son to drive his car.

　　2.＊He made me felt happy.

　　3.＊I made my friend to discuss his problem with me.

　　4.＊I had my son to get up early every morning.

　　5.＊I helped my father painted his house.

　　6.＊I had my brother to carry this heavy luggage for me.

　　7.＊I had Mary to marry me.

　　8.＊This song makes everyone to cry.

　　9.＊I helped Nancy worked hard.

　　10.＊He made us to believe him.

　　11.＊I saw him to play.

　　12.＊I heard Mary sang several songs.

　　13.＊I watched her to swim.

　　14.＊I saw the birds to fly away.