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时间：2008-01-02 来源：互联网 作者：佚名
第五章 未来式
5§1 未来式的基本规则
如果我们在句子中，有需要提到未来的事情，就可以使用未来式，举例来说，以下的句子都用未来式。
I will go to America tomorrow.
He will dance tonight.
Peter will finish his work next month.
如果不用 will ，我们可以用 verb to be +going to+ verb ，如果我们如此做，以上的三个句子就变成了以下的句子
I am going to go to America tomorrow.
He is going to dance tonight.
Peter is going to finish his work next month.
以下是一些未来式的例子：
1. I will call you tonight.
I am going to call you tonight.
2. He will graduate next June.
He is going to graduate next June.
3. Mr. Lee will teach us English soon.
Mr. Lee is going to teach us English soon.
4. He will help you.
He is going to help you.
5. The war will break out soon.
The war is going to break out soon.
6. It will rain tonight.
It is going to rain tonight.
有一个规则必须注意，就是will是一个助动词，现在式第三人称单数的主词，仍不用在will后面加s.
不仅如此，will后面的动词必须用成原式，如果用verb to be +going to+ verb这里面的verb也必须用原式。
因为这里面的to式infinitive，infinitive里面永远要用原型动词。
以下例子都是错的
1.＊He wills go to school.
2.＊He will goes to school.
3.＊They will went to work tomorrow.
4.＊Tom is going to saw me tonight.
5.＊Peter is going to working next month.
未来式常和别的句子用在一起，以下是典型的例子
1. When you come tomorrow， I will already be in Taipei.
2. After I graduate， I am going to be a good doctor in Africa.
3. Before I leave tomorrow， I will finish my work.
4. After the war is over， every one will be happy.
5. I will go to a concert after my classes are over.
6. I will eat lunch as soon as I have time.
但千万不可写出以下错误的句子：
＊When you will come tomorrow， I will already be in Taipei.
＊After the war will be over， every one will be happy.
＊I will eat lunch as soon as I will have time.
[练习十八]
将以下的中文句子翻成英文句子，用will或to be going to：
1. 我明天要上教堂（go to church）。
2. 他下周一要和我见面。
3. 他明天要整理这个房间（clean this room）。
4. 我明天吃晚饭后要去台北。
5. 我明天晚上回家以后，就打电话给你。
6. 我毕业以后会去念法律。
7. 明天你走以后，我要看电视。。
8. 明天我会去台南。
9. 今天晚上我要写一封信给你。
10. 今晚，我要等我的哥哥。
[练习十九]
填充：
I （be） in America next year， after I （graduate）。
I （explain） this to you tonight after I （read） the report.
I （see） you tonight.
As soon as you （come） to see me， I （give） you my book.
When you （arrive） in New York tomorrow， Tom （be） in the airport to meet you.
I （go） to church after the rain stops.
I （watch） the new TV program after you （leave）。
When you （get） here tomorrow， everyone （wait） for you.
I （get） a job as soon as I get out of college.
He________ （have） dinner very late tomorrow.
I________ （quit） my present job， after I________ （find） a better one.
5§2 未来式的变形
未来式可以和进行式合起来用，以下是未来进行式的例子
I will be watching TV tomorrow at eight.
He will be eating a big dinner after he gets out of the hospital.
I will be studying mathematics at home when you come.
Two days later， I will be driving a new car.
未来式可以和完成式合在一起用，而成为未来完成式，这种句子都是在于强调未来要完成的事。举例来说，“我明天六点以前，我会完成这工作了”，就可以用未来完成式：
I will have finished this work by six o'clock tomorrow.
以下是一些未来完成式的例子
By the time he arrives at the station， the train will have left.
We will have had three meetings before six o'clock tonight.
He will have written six novels next summer.
[练习二十]
填充：（用未来进行式或未来完成式）
I （watch） the baseball game tomorrow night.
He （finish） the report when you arrive at his home.
I （wash） my car tonight when my mother comes.
They （play） their violins when the clock strikes twelve.
He （complete） writing this program before ten o'clock tonight.
He （be） the president for three years next May.
I （wash） my car when you come tonight.
I （read） this report before six o'clock tomorrow evening.
Peter （dance） in the streets if Mr. Robertson is elected president.
I （drive） four hundred miles tomorrow.
[练习二十一]
将以下中文句子译成英文
1. 彼得生于1965年，他从小就喜欢音乐，自从1975年起，他就一直在练习小提琴。现在他是一个很好的小提琴家。
2. 我的哥哥明天会来看我，他来的时候，我会在家里看电视。我喜欢看有关医院的节目。
3. 在我小的时候我常常喜欢打篮球，现在我不打篮球了，因为我曾有一次车祸（car accident）。
4. 我现在在打电话给我的母亲，我的母亲现在88岁，他在台北已经住了60年。
5. 在我去美国以前，我曾经去过英国，当我在英国的时候，我碰见了一个美丽的女孩子，他后来成为我的太太。
[练习二十二]
填充
I （watching） TV now. I （watch） TV every day.
He （have） a big dinner before we arrived last night. It （be） a good meal. He seldom （eat） so much.
He （work） on this novel for a very long time. By the time he （finish） it， he （written） six novels.
I （be） to America several times. I （go） to America again next year.
I （live） in Taipei when I was a child. When I was six years old， I （move） to Taiwan and （live） there ever since.
He （be） an honest person all his life. That is why so many people （like） him.
It （be） my birthday tomorrow. Yet I （have） a test the day after tomorrow. So I （study） in the library tomorrow night.
He （be） a strong kid when he was young. Now although he （be） seventy years old， he （be） still quite healthy.
I （have） this car for nine years. I （sell） it and （buy） a new one next year.
He （take） a bath every morning. Today， since he （get） up very late， he （go） to school directly without taking a bath.
第六章 否定句子（Negative Sentences）
6§1 否定句的基本规则
在任何语言，我们都有必要造出 否定 的句子，在中文，写出否定句子并非难事，在英文，无论任何否定句子，都必须遵行一些规定，以下是否定句子的例子
肯定句子 否定句子
I like music. I don't like music.
He loves swimming. He does not love swimming.
They have come to work. They have not come to work.
Mary went to see a movie yesterday. Mary did not go to see a movie yesterday.
John is a good boy. John is not a good boy.
I will go to New York tomorrow. I will not go to New York tomorrow.
He can sing. He can not sing.
You may go now. You may not go now.
He should sleep early. He should not sleep early.
It is raining now. It is not raining now.
It rains very often here. It does not rain very often here.
He has a lot of money. He does not have a lot of money.
It is exciting to see this game. It is not exciting to see this game.
He asked me three questions. He did not ask me three questions.
从以上的例子来看，我们可以归纳出以下的规则：
1.Verb to be 后面可以直接加not.例如：
He is not a good teacher.
Mary was not very happy when she was young.
They are not strong boys.
Peter is not coming.
John is not going to work.
2.助动词后面可以直接加not.例如：
He has not written any letter.
They will not come.
He cannot swim.
They should not cry very often.
Tom had not eaten any thing before you came.
He may never eat cakes in the future.
John has not lived here.
3.一般句子的动词必须加入do或他的变形。
He does not smoke.
He did not go.
I do not love sports.
You do not like to eat fish.
They do not swim very well.
We did not see that movie.
在英文中，我们可以用have to来代替must，以下是have to的例子：
He has to go to Chicago tomorrow.（他明天应该去芝加哥）
They had to buy three tickets to go to the concert.（他们必须买三张票去听音乐会）
I have to work very hard.（我必须努力工作）
含有have to的句子，如要改成否定句子，必须在have to前面加do或它的变形，请看以下的例子：
肯定句子 否定句子
He has to eat a lot of food. He does not have to eat a lot of food.
He had to leave. He did not have to leave.
I have to write that letter. I do not have to write that letter
[练习二十三]
将以下的肯定句子改成否定句子：
I saw your brother last night.
I like apples.
She is a beautiful girl.
They can play violin very well.
Mr. Chang must answer the following questions.
He went to see his brother last night.
He could sing many songs.
He will buy this car.
It rained heavily last night.
I have lived here for three years.
He has to see his mother.
He had to stay here yesterday.
6§2 No， Never和Any的用法
要达成否定的意思，有时我们也可以用no和never这些字，no必须跟一个名词，请看下面的例子：
1.I saw no students here.
2.There are no lakes in this country.
3.I have no money.
4.I had no choice.
5.He has no friends.
以上这些例子也可以用not来表示否定的意思，如果用not，则以上的句子应该照下面的方式写；
1.I did not see any student here.
2.We can not find any lake in this country.
3.I do not have any money.
4.I did not have any choice.
5.He does not have any friends.
除以上not之外，never也可以表达否定的意思，以下都是never的例子，请注意never常用在完成式的句子里：
I have never gone there.
He has never written any song.
They have never washed their clothes.
[练习二十四]
用no，not和never填空在以下的句子里：
I have money.
A selfish person does have any friends.
man is entirely alone.
one is living here. We can get into this house.
a single person loves me.
one loves me.
The person whom I saw did come.
I did go to work yesterday.
I had work to do yesterday.
I can find any one in this hall.
I have gone to America.
He has written to me.
第七章 问句（Questions）
7§1 答案只是 Yes 或 No 的问题
有些问题，答案只有 Yes 或 No ，以下是一些例子。
原来句子 问句
I am a boy. Am I a boy？
He has a car. Does he have a car？
I gave him three books. Did I give him three books？
He cannot work. Can he work？
He has not seen me. Has he seen me？
They like your novel. Do They like your novel？
The sun sets in the west. Does the sunset in the west？
They are good teachers. Are they good teachers？
He will not go to a concert tonight. Will he go to a concert tonight？
He is going to swim. Is he going to swim？
They must eat vegetables. Must they eat vegetables？
They have to go. Do they have to go？
I walked two kilometers yesterday. Did I walk two kilometers yesterday？
It is raining now. Is it raining now？
根据以上的例子，我们可以归纳乘以下的规则：
凡动词是verb to be的，变成问句时，动词移到主词前面去。
例子：
原来句子 问句
You are a girl. Are you a girl？
He was a teacher. Was he a teacher？
They were all old. Were they all old？
This song is beautiful. Is this song beautiful？
Peter is a good student. Is Peter a good student？
动词不是verb to be，也没有助动词，改成问句时，必须加助动词do或他的变形，这个助动词必须在主词的前面。
例子：
原来句子 问句
I like music. Do I like music？
He likes sports. Does he like sports？
Peter went to America. Did Peter go to America？
He ate three apples last night. Did he eat three apples last night？
Her mother calls her every week. Does her mother call her every week？
句子中间如已有助动词，改成问句时，只要将助动词移到主动词前面即可。
例子：
原来句子 问句
He did not eat. Did he eat？
He has gone to America. Has he gone to America？
She can dance. Can she dance？
I will see you tonight. Will I see you tonight？
They are going to Washington. Are they going to Washington？
我们的问句中，当然也可已有否定的意义，比方说，我们可以问：
你不喜欢音乐吗？
他不是你的弟弟吗？
你从未见过他？
英文句子也可以如此，例如：
Don't you like music？
Doesn't he play piano？
Aren't you his brother？
Isn't he a good student？
Didn't he go to school？
Hasn't he lived here？
Won't he leave tomorrow？
注意，这时not通常和动词连在一起了。
有一件事，是我们中国人必须注意的，假如有人问你：
你不喜欢音乐吗？
而你本人的确也不喜欢音乐，你会回答说：
是，我不喜欢音乐。
也就是说，我们中国人的回答是顺着问句的。问句说你不喜欢，我们同意他的说法，所以前面加一个 是 。假设我喜欢音乐，我会回答说：
不，我喜欢音乐。
可是，英文正好相反，英文的yes和no，与问句的问法无关，而对应了回答的事实。举例来说，我们的问句也许是：
Don't you like music？
你如不喜欢音乐就回答说：
No， I don't like music.
你如喜欢音乐，就回答说：
Yes， I like music.
再举一例，有人问：
Isn't he Chinese？
他是中国人就回答：
Yes， he is.
他如不是，就回答：
No， he isn't.
反正，英文的yes和no，都和答案的事实对应，而与如何问无关
[练习二十五]
将以下句子翻译成英文问句：
你喜欢他吗？
他是美国人吗？
你昨天有没有去教堂？
他曾经到过日本吗？
你要去台北吗？
他不喜欢体育吗？
你从未去过日本吗？
他有一个妹妹吗？
他们都是学生吗？
你的哥哥昨天见过我爸爸吗？
7§2 回答不只是 yes 和 no 的问句
问句的答案当然不一定只是yes或no，以下的问句都是例子：
Where did you buy this book？
Where did you see him？
How do you like America？
Whom do you like？
Which cake do you want？
Whose book is this？
What kind of method is this？
Which country were you born in？
Which do you want， an apple or an orange？
Whom do you like most， your brother or your sister？
Where did you go last night？
When did you meet your father？
When did you read this book？
Whom did you give this book to？
以上的问句中都有助动词，但以下的问句中，助动词是不存在的：
Who gave you this car？
Who wrote this letter？
Who took my pen away？
Who wants to go with me？
Who can sing this song？
[练习二十六]
将以下的中文问句翻译成英文问句：
你在哪里买这本书的？
他什么时候到美国去的？
他爸爸的名字是什么？
这是谁的书？
你从哪里来的？
你要哪一本书？
这个孩子是谁？
他最喜欢谁？
他叫什么名字？
你昨天到哪里去了？
这是谁的狗？
[练习二十七]
填空
did you go last night？
book do you like？
is your brother？
is his name？
wrote this letter？
did you give this book to？
gave you this book？
car is this？
dog is this？
movie did you see？
can speak English？
did you speak to？
kind of car is this？
fruit do you like most？
does not swim？
被动语气（Passive Voice）
8§1 及物动词和不及物动词
任何一个英文句子必定有一个动词，请先注意以下例句的动词
He was a teacher before.
He went to school yesterday.
He hit a dog.
I saw you yesterday.
He walks to school every day.
He sent this book to me.
They are good students.
He wrote two novels.
They ate all of the apples.
10. He swims every morning.
在以上的例子中，第3、4、6、8及9句子中的动词都是及物动词（transitive verbs）。这些动词后面都跟着一个名词，而这个名词是动词的受词（object），其它句子的动词，都是不及物动词，因为他们都没有任何受词。
我们将以上句子中，主词、及物动词和受词的关系分析如下：
句子 主词 及物动词 受词
He hit a dog. He hit dog
I saw you yesterday. I saw you
He sent his book to me. He sent his book
He wrote two novels. He wrote two novels
They ate all of the apples. They ate all of the apples
一旦动词是及物动词，我们就可以将这个句子由原来的主动语气（active voice）改成被动语气（passive voice）。但我们也要警告读者，不要轻易用被动语气，因为有时被动语气的句子是不自然的。
8§2 没有助动词的被动语气
在这以前，我们的句子都是主动语气，这种句子的基本形式如下：
主词＋动词＋受词
所谓的被动语气，乃是将原来的受词变成主词。举例来说，主动语气中，我们说 我看到一些狗 ，在被动语气中，我们说 一些狗被我看到 。在英文中，将主动语气改成被动语气，必须做以下的动作：
原有受词变成名词
动词变成verb to be＋过去分词（past participle）
原有主词变成在动词后面，但前面加by.
举例来说，主动语气的句子可以是
I saw a cat.
被动语气就成了
A cat was seen by me.
最重要的是，verb to be的时式必须和原句子的相同，以上的例子中，动词是过去式，所以verb to be也是过去式。除此以外，verb to be也要配合新的主词。请看以下的例子：
I saw two cats.
改成被动语气以后，句子是：
Two cats were seen by me.
以下是主动改被动的例子，最重要的是注意verb to be的形式：
主动语气（active voice） 被动语气（passive voice）
Mr. Jones hit the dog. The dog was hit by Mr. Jones.
My brother saw you yesterday. You were seen by my brother yesterday.
He sent the book to me. The book was sent to me by him.
Dickens wrote those two novels. Those two novels were written by Dickens.
They ate all of the apples. All of the apples were eaten by them.
Jane wrote that song. That song was written by Jane.
My mother loves me. I am loved by my mother.
[练习二十八]
将以下的句子由主动语气改成被动：
He saw that movie last night.
He wrote that letter to me.
He teaches those English classes.
God loves you.
They bought two houses.
I painted this room.
He grows those roses.
He helps his students.
I sold the house.
My uncle bought this car.
[练习二十九]
将以下的句子由被动语气改成主动语气：
The policeman was seen by me.
Those two books were written by me.
These sentences were corrected by my teacher.
He was hit by a car.
His door was locked by me.
His house was built by my father.
His boat was given to me by my father.
This bird is rarely seen by people here.
He is liked by every one.
They were given ten dollars by their friends.
This picture was taken by him.
Too much wine was drunk by the young men.
I was taught by Mr. Wang.
He was helped by his father.
They were served by that waiter.
His food was prepared by my mother.
His toy was made by my sister.
The book was returned to me by Jim.
That song was written by my brother.
I was invited by him to a party
8§3 有助动词肯定句子的被动语气
在上一节，我们所有的例子都只是肯定句子，句子中没有助动词，可是有些肯定句子还是有助动词的，以下是一些例子：
主动语气 被动语气
现在进形式 I am writing this letter. The letter is being written by me.
现在完程序 I have written the letter. The letter has been written by me.
过去进形式 I was writing the letter when you came. The letter was being written by me when you came.
过去完程序 I had written the letter before you came. The letter had been written by me before you came.
未来式 I will write the letter. The letter will be written by me.
未来完成式 I will have written this letter. This letter will have been written by me.
未来式 I am going to see you. You are going to be seen by me.
以下是更多的例子：
主动语气 被动语气
I have seen him. He has been seen by me.
He is going to help you. You are going to be helped by him.
He will teach English. English will be taught by him.
He has helped me all my life. I have been helped by him all my life.
He had called me before you came. I had been called by him before you came.
He was calling his mother when we went there. His mother was being called by him when we went there.
助动词不一定和时式有关，can、should、has to等等都是助动词，这些助动词在改成被动语气的时后，都应维持原状，只需加入verb to be和过去分词即可。以下是一些例子：
主动语气 被动语气
I can play the piano. The piano can be played by me.
I may use this room. This room may be used by me.
He must give the book to me. The book must be given to me by him.
You should help him. He should be helped by you.
You have to write this letter. This letter has to be written by you.
He ought to write this report. This report ought to be written by him.
[练习三十]
将以下的句子改成被动语气：
He has written three novels.
He will write that letter.
They will sing these songs tomorrow.
He will give the speech.
They are painting the house.
I have given him three books.
I can do this job.
He had told me that story before we went there.
Teachers should help the students.
He is writing the report now.
The students must read this book.
I have to give this letter to my mother tonight.
All citizens ought to obey the law.
He has eaten all of the cakes.
The reporters were taking pictures when the storm started.
He had finished the work before five o'clock last night.
Peter will write that letter.
John has received my letter.
Millions of people saw the movie "Gone with the wind".
He has proved that theorem.
[练习三十一]
将以下句子改成主动语气：
Two books have been written by Joseph.
Football is being played by John.
He should be given that lecture by his father.
That report will be written by him.
The letter has been received by the King.
This movie should be seen by every one.
This book ought to be read by every student.
They are being helped by me.
The movie is going to be seen by all of us.
This cake can be eaten by kids.
8§4 否定句子的被动语气
将一个否定句子或一个问句改成被动语气，其步骤如下：
将此句子改成肯定句子
将此肯定句子改成被动语气
将此被动语气的句子改成否定句子
现在举一个否定的例子：
I did not take this picture.
对应的肯定句子是：
I took this picture.
改成被动语气：
This picture was taken by me.
再改成否定句子：
This picture was not taken by me.
下面的例子都是用来解释如何将一个否定句子改成被动语气：
1. They did not like the music.
（a）.They liked the music.
（b）.The music was liked by them.
（c）.The music was not liked by them.
2. I have not written that letter.
（a）.I have written that letter.
（b）.That letter has been written by me.
（c）.That letter has not been written by me.
3. You can not eat that cake.
（a）.You can eat that cake.
（b）.That cake can be eaten by you.
（c）.That cake can not be eaten by you.
4. He does not play music.
（a）.He plays that kind of music.
（b）.That kind of music is played by him.
（c）.That kind of music is not played by him.
5. I am not going to see you.
（a）.I am going to see you.
（b）.You are going to be seen by me.
（c）.You are not going to be seen by me.
6. They will not see that movie.
（a）.They will see that movie.
（b）.That movie will be seen by them.
（c）.That movie will not be seen by them.
7. They did not help me.
（a）.They helped me.
（b）.I was helped by them.
（c）.I was not helped by them.
8. I did not tell that story.
（a）.I told that story.
（b）.That story was told by me.
（c）.That story was not told by me.
在下面，我们将省略中间步骤，直接写出一个否定句子的被动语气，英文好的人应该是不需要中间步骤的：
主动语气 被动语气
They do not enjoy such music. Such music is not enjoyed by them.
He did not tell that story. That story was not told by him.
They have not written that story. That story has not been told by them.
Peter is going to see me. I am not going to be seen by Peter.
He will not help me. I will not be helped by him.
John will not eat that cake. That cake will not be eaten by John.
I can not drink that wine. That wine can not be drunk by me.
[练习三十二]
将以下的否定句子改成被动语气：
The farmers here do not grow apples.
He did not meet me last night.
I have not written that letter.
John is not going to see that movie.
I did not watch that movie.
He does not speak English.
He will not speak English.
You should not eat that cake.
My mother does not eat that kind of fish.
John has not written that report.
[练习三十三]
将以下句子改成主动语气：
The book was not written by him.
I am not going to be helped by you.
That book has not been received by John.
That song is not liked by college students.
John is not loved by Mary.
I will not be met by my student tomorrow.
Meat is not eaten by vegetarians.
The door was not opened by me.
That ten dollars were not paid by me.
The car was not bought by me
